Reverse
Engineering
Sega manufactures the venerable Genesis Video Game System, as well as many of
the video games played on the system. Accolade is a developer and distributor
of video games, and they wanted to develop games for the Genesis system.
However, Genesis is not an open system, and in order for a game to work on the
system, the game has to know the proprietary interface component of Sega's
Genesis system, particularly the password that needs to be incorporated on any
video game cartridge played on the Genesis system.
The
only way that Accolade could determine the password was by de-compiling the
object code of one of Sega video games to produce a translation of the source
code. As a necessary step in this reverse engineering procedure, Accolade had
to copy the Sega object code. Sega sued Accolade for copyright infringement
based on the copying of the object code.
Accolade argued that its copying was a fair use as allowed by the Copyright Act.
Section 107 allows copies of a copyrighted work to be made for purposes such as
criticism, comment, or research.
Fair Use Test
To decide whether a use is fair, the Copyright Act requires a court to consider
four factors:
1. The purpose and character of the use
2. The nature of the copyrighted work
3. The amount and substantiality of the portion copied
4. The effect of the use on the market.
Because Accolade needed to copy and disassemble Sega's copyrighted video game to
obtain the necessary interface requirements, the court held that where reverse
engineering copies a work as the only way to access the ideas and the
functional elements of the work, such copying is a fair use if a legitimate
reason for the use exists. The court thus held that a copyright in a work
cannot protect un-copyrightable ideas and functional elements with that work.